There are thousands of Android games on the Play Store in almost every genre imaginable. Many games need a reliable and stable internet connection to work, which renders them useless where we don’t have any internet access. But have you tried playing the best offline Android games? Your best option is to keep some free Android mobile games (that don’t need internet) to fall back on.
Games that need internet connection are sometimes full of annoying ads and popups that disturb the overall gaming experience. There are times when you have no access to the internet, and you have some time to kill. That is when you need to grab your phone and try the best Android games that do not require an internet connection. And when you do have access to and love Virtual Reality technology, you should try the best VR games for Android.
50 Best Offline Android Games
Smartphones have become the perfect companion for game lovers as they can fire up a game anyplace and anytime; well, almost. Our list of the best offline Android games can help you choose a fun pastime when you’re getting bored. From a free offline game to an action game to a strategy game, the mobile game genres can be played offline anytime, anywhere. Game mode on!
1. Dead Cells
The best offline Android games, like Dead Cells, can be really deadly if you don’t play right. You must explore a castle, and the first people you need to fight are its keepers to gain entry. The action platformer requires that you use various weapons and skills to flair in the 2D combat.
The indie game Dead Cells lets you play at your own pace, where you learn your enemies’ strategies, make your own, and fight to win. You will kill, die, learn, and then rise to face all of these again. Battling bosses, minions, and other monsters has never been so exciting. So, get started.
2. My Friend Pedro
The banana family is up for revenge because the wife and kids have been killed. With the aid of bullets and other weapons, help your friend Pedro give a solid reply to the killers in the way they deserve. The game of bullets, blood, and bananas can be a new experience.
The game features 37 levels, and each one is replete with action. You can compete in each level on foot, skateboard, or on a motorcycle. The modes like Blood Rush are highly challenging. Dare to switch to it for a deadly encounter?
3. Civilization VI
Civilization VI is one of the best offline Android games where you build and safeguard an empire with all your might. It is a turn-based strategy game where you become fortunate enough to become the ruler of the world. You witness the journey of the world from the stone age to the present age and see some of the greatest world leaders.
Like many similar games, you move forward in the game by waging war, advancing your culture, and building the best empire the world has ever seen. The game has many expansions that add new and exciting features to the gameplay.
4. GRID Autosport
If you are passionate about car racing, here is a chance to showcase your racing skills. GRID Autosport is a car racing game with exceptional performance, even on Android devices. Best in arcade handling and simulation, the game can also be played on iOS devices.
GRID Autosport has stunning visuals, allowing you to experiment with different routes and tracks. Variety brings excitement, and you get to experience different gameplay when you switch tracks. You can also choose from around 100 cars. So, start racing now.
5. Streets of Rage 4
Streets of Rage series has always been among the best offline Android games, and the latest one is no different. What makes this different are the improved fight mechanics and graphics inspired by comics. In this intriguing game, you will come face-to-face with a crime scene, and the rest is the gameplay.
Criminals are all over the streets, and you must fight them before they wreak havoc in the city. You can choose from five playable characters. You will go through twelve stages as you confront the bad guys and try to bring peace to the streets.
6. Traffic Rider
Ride a motorbike and thread through the traffic in the latest Traffic Rider, one of the good racing games. If you have played Traffic Racer, the game mechanics will be familiar to you. This one follows the same rule and is famous for its simplicity. The new features include a first-person perspective, a full career mode, and real bike sounds, among others.
The game becomes interesting with the 34 bikes that you can choose from. The environments are more detailed than similar games with night and day sceneries. You will find over 90 missions to take up in the career mode, and competitions are more challenging. So, are you ready to race your way to glory?
7. Asphalt Nitro
Many of the best offline Android games come under the racing genre, and Asphalt Nitro is one among them. The game will thrill you beyond limits if you are a speed person. You are behind the wheels of luxury licensed cars, a dream of many passionate racers.
You will take your vehicle through jaw-dropping environments in a race to be the first to cross the finish line. Let us warn you Asphalt Nitro can be a racing game that pulls out all your energy to top the list of racers. You can win only with the exceptional stunts you have practiced on the race field.
8. Survivor.io
Have you ever fought with dangerous zombies? If not, try Survivor.io, which is all about fighting one zombie after another. They are attacking the entire city, and you have no option other than standing up against them. Choose your weapons and polish your skills to confront them face-to-face.
Survivor.io puts you in a situation where you must combat over 1000 monsters at the same time. You are equipped with all the skills to wipe them off, but only if you play wisely. There are different stages of gameplay, and you will enjoy each if you take out the correct tactics.
9. Race The Sun Challenge Edition
Race The Sun is one of the best offline Android games where you get the unique task of racing the sun. You are a craft that is powered by the sun’s energy. Take off towards sunset with breathtaking speed to reverse the process, even if for a brief time.
There aren’t any complicated rules of gameplay. Focus on your path, don’t crash, and keep up your speed. Inspired by arcade games, Race The Sun comes with many incredible features. These include colorful new trails, new alternate ships, and a daily challenge system.
Download Race The Sun Challenge Edition
10. Red Ball 4
What if you met someone who wants to change the planet into a square shape? Will you just stand by and watch or take some action against them? Red Ball 4 features minions who want to change the planet’s shape. You are the Red Ball who comes to the rescue.
The game has 75 levels, and all you have to do is bounce, jump, and roll around to achieve your goal. The adventure encompasses boss battles and physics elements that will rouse your curiosity. Mixed with the soundtrack, you can expect a fantastic game experience with Red Ball 4.
11. Final Fantasy VII
Our list of the best offline Android games would be incomplete without having one representative from the immensely popular Final Fantasy games. The role-playing game is a favorite among thousands of gaming enthusiasts and gives you a thrilling experience. You choose your mode of transport and start your expedition on airships or submarines. Become a part of the dramatic 3D tale, fight it out with enemies, and carve your own unique path.
You can customize your characters and check out the endless possibilities when it comes to combinations. The backgrounds are larger than life and takes you to a fantasy world you would not want to come back from.
12. Stardew Valley
Stardew Valley is one of the best offline Android games among the ones released in the last few years. It has managed to garner popularity for the right reasons. It includes RPG elements and can be classified as an excellent farming simulator.
You plant small trees, take care of them, indulge in bartering with the local townsmen, try your hands at fishing, and restore your farm to its fullest potential. The spell cast by the retro graphics works charming well and you would not want to stop exploring the vast lands. Well, if you are lucky, you’ll find some valuable treasure along your way.
13. Limbo
One of the best offline games for Android, Limbo, will blow your mind with its elegance. Limbo is a fantastic and unique puzzle game where you have to utilize the resources of the environment to solve puzzles and move ahead to find your sister lost in the Limbo world.
The graphics of this game are the best part. The game is not very long, but it’s fun and adventurous to play. The story of the game is about a cute little boy searching for his sister in a weird looking world.
14. Mini Metro
One of the best offline Android games, Mini Metro, gets more real than any other simulation game you will play. Players get to build their city’s subway system and make the transport facility better. You can revamp the city,change what’s already there and give it a much-needed makeover. Provide the citizens with good transportation facilities so they can move from one place to another using the metro trains without any troubles.
Become an excellent planner, lay down the subway rules, create lines connecting cities, and come up with new station names. Start small scale and go on expanding your city’s metro connectivity. They have scores to keep an eye on your performance and check efficiency, so do not forget to put your best foot forward.
15. Alto’s Odyssey
If you’ve played Alto’s Adventure before, you will love the fun sequel Alto’s Odyssey as well. The gameplay includes various exotic locations, hundreds of levels to cross, and many secrets to unearth. We particularly loved the background music, which casts a beautiful spell while playing and is just right for the theme. Players can either choose to play for points or select the zen mode if they wish to enjoy a relaxing indulgence.
You come across multiple worlds that are yet to be discovered and traverse through the canyons while exploring. Sandboard in the deserts, learn the movement tricks, and witness the grandeur of the long-hidden temples. Become a part of the adventure and resort to the in-app purchases to unlock special items.
16. Once Upon a Tower
The story revolves around a princess looking to carve her way out of a trap. The backdrop will take you back to the plot of the classic fairy tales where the lead protagonist waits for someone to rescue her. But instead of a prince, Once Upon a Tower shows the powerful princess finding her own path and smashing whoever tries to stop her.
One of the best offline Android games, Once Upon a Tower, delivers an excellent message to all the female gamers. Get up and fight your own battles instead of waiting for someone else to help you. Collect coins and power-ups to escape the dragon. Combat creepy crawlies, fight it out with the monsters, and cross levels as you move ahead in the game.
17. Quizoid
One of the best offline Android games for all quiz-lovers, Quizoid is unmissable. As the name implies, Quizoid is a simple quiz game that can also be played offline where you have to answer questions. It has over 7000 questions divided into six levels. Quiz and puzzle lovers would enjoy having this game on their phones. It can also make one of the fun android offline games to play at parties.
Quizoid has 17 categories, three game modes, and various hints to help you with the game. The quiz contains questions from Arts and Literature, Famous People, Geography, Language, Mathematics, Medical Science, Religion, and Mythology, etc. With the pro version, you get 3000 extra questions.
18. Tank Hero: Laser Wars
There are a number of Tank games on the Play Store, but Tank hero stands out in the crowd as one of the best offline Android games you would play today. The reason is its all-new 3D graphics engine with realistic lighting effects and interactive environment that hook you to the game for long.
There are three unique worlds to win with some epic boss battles that demand your best skills to survive. The game is lightweight and consists of 4 difficulty levels to suit all types of players.
19. Smash Hit
Jump into this beautiful journey of runners. You have to throw balls to clear obstacles in your way, and you lose balls if you get hit by anything. You have to move in coordination with the sound and music.
It takes a lot of focus and the right timing to run and ruin all the objects coming your way. It’s a free game that can be played offline and you can pay to unlock extra goodies.
20. Crossy Road
Crossy Road is one of the best offline Android games, which is available for free. Gamers who love the arcade game Frogger, will find an interesting resemblance in this mobile version of the old favorite. You guide and help a chicken cross the road and prepare her well to deal with all the obstacles on the way.
There are more than 150 collectible characters, exciting levels, and sometimes you’ll be randomly surprised to see a water body to cross instead of a road. The innovative gameplay is sure to keep you hooked. Are you ready to dodge traffic and have fun?
21. Bloons TD 6
Nineteen towers, tons of heroes, 20 feature maps; Bloons TD 6 boasts plenty of exciting offerings and is one of the best offline Android games. Gaming enthusiasts who’ve played and loved games from the classic tower defense franchise will find themselves hooked to their mobile devices while playing this one. It is a new entry in the niche with mechanics similar to its predecessors.
Your aim is to build high-rise towers along the road and combat enemies on your way as you progress. There are 3 upgrade paths and 5 different levels of upgrades. Depending on how well you deal with a particular situation, you make yourself eligible for individual tower upgrades.
22. Minecraft
Minecraft is all about your creativity in how you explore random worlds and build innovative things starting from simple homes to grand castles. You have infinite resources to mine deep into the world and the opportunity to earn cash rewards and bonuses.
The game does not contain any story where you have to be the hero, but it’s all about building and mining stuff with creativity. The game comes with a price but there are no in-app purchases.
23. The Room Three
The Room Three is another great version by The Room developers and is one of the best offline Android games. It has lovely graphics, challenging puzzles, and tons of exciting features. The game has different endings depending on the choices you make.
One of the most outstanding puzzle games, The Room Three, does not contain any in-app purchases and supports cloud saving and Google achievements. Immerse yourself in the stunning environments and put your puzzle-solving ability to the test.
24. Reigns: Her Majesty
If you are looking for best offline Android games that can be played in short sessions, get your hands on Reigns: Her Majesty. The card game is popular and boasts a proud spot as one of the Editor’s Choice games on the Google Play Store. The gameplay involves all the exciting elements that are a part of a Queen’s life. You will witness ornaments, secret affairs, kingdoms, rulers, court scenes, grand palaces, and shocking conspiracies.
The clever writing will make you think carefully about your next step and there won’t be a single dull moment. The decisions, the delightful dark humor, the mistakes, and the royal matters; every aspect of Reigns: Her Majesty is very intriguing. The new transformation update comes with new characters, 200 new cards and new ways for her majesty to meet her demise.
25. SoulCraft: Action RPG
SoulCraft is one of the best offline Android games in the role-playing niche. It is for warriors who have already played ultimate death games and defeated crime. The game lets you play as an Angel Hero fighting against demons and humans to eradicate evil.
The game has beautiful graphics with demons and other nasty creatures in locations like Venice, Rome, Hamburg, New York, and Egypt. You can play this game with different modes such as time run, arena, Hellgate, crystal defense, and boss fights.
26. Plague Inc.
Plague is a strategy and realistic simulation game where you are on the way to destroy humanity by creating a deadly, global plague. The aim of this game is to infect the entire world where you adapt against everything that humanity can do to save itself. The gameplay from the developer Ndemic Creations, we must say, is innovative
It evolves strategy genre gaming and gives a push to mobile gaming to a level where only the most clever gamers can survive. The stunning graphics, hyper-realistic world, 12 different disease types, more than 50 countries to infect are some of the highlights that keep you involved in the game.
27. BADLAND
BADLAND has beautiful forests with various inhabitants, trees, and flowers. The ambiance is lovely with amazing graphics, but there is something wrong with the woods. You have to find what exactly is going on and avoid the traps and obstacles in your way.
The game has a single-player mode with 100 unique levels and a multiplayer mode up to four players on the same device with 23 levels. It supports cloud saving, and you can play it offline without any ads.
28. The Room: Old Sins
The Room: Old Sins has won multiple awards as the Editor’s Choice game and the interesting mechanics makes it unmissable. The offline Android game includes stunning graphics and an outstanding collection of deep puzzles. You start with solving puzzles in a room and go on to finding yourself in a dollhouse as the game progresses.
Creepy atmosphere, creative puzzles, and a captivating story add to the game’s excitement quotient. So, play The Room: Old Sins and keep your brain engaged in one of the most haunting gaming experiences.
29. Terraria
Terraria is a fun action-adventure game and one of the best offline Android games. Players mine blocks, combat over 300 enemies, carve their way out on a gigantic world map, and craft items. Each item that you uniquely craft adds up and provides exciting upgrades to your character.
There are more than 150 tough bosses to please who test your acumen and skills in every game level. Explore treasures in the biomes and the mini-biomes, and build outstanding structures. Turn on the internet if you wish to play the game in multiplayer mode.
30. Eternium
Eternium will remind you of Diablo and Torchlight. It has unique, innovative features like “swipe to cast” control and a player-friendly rule “no paywalls, never pay to win.” Although it has some features that you get if you are playing online, you can play this game offline without a hitch.
You can play as a mage or a warrior with a sword or an ax and learn new tricks to increase your attributes. Jump into the dark caves, explore forests, travel to the moon to kill unknown horrible creatures amongst the craters and the canyons.
31. Big Little Farmer
Build your farm, cultivate and harvest crops with Big Little Farmer, which is one of the best offline android games. You get to experience the stress-free life of a farmer and embellish your farmland with this offline farming game. There is no fighting or running in the game. Instead, you have to build a farming business with bakery and dairy products, among other things.
You have to sell your products through a delivery truck, fulfill orders, and make yourself wealthy as you progress in the game. You have to work hard on your farming skills to improve your farm and be successful. Experience the life of a farmer and enjoy seeing your agriculture empire grow.
32. Dumb Ways to Die 2
Gamers who love the original version will be taken aback by this storm. If you haven’t played the adventure game at all, try and you’ll absolutely love it. You have to find new ways of earning the maximum number of coins before losing your life in the game. The mechanics are simple and easy to understand.
The graphics are colorful and Dumb Ways to Die 2 is a lot of fun for all age groups. The game is fast-paced and requires you to go on clicking to keep yourself safe. Unlock new levels, pick cool characters, and be a star at the leader boards.
33. Smurfs’ Village
Smurfs’ Village is one of the best offline android games which allows players to create their own unique farmlands using all the possible resources. The free video game is set against the backdrop of an enchanted forest, which includes cute characters like the tiny blue smurfs. You have to earn resources, build buildings, add more smurfs to your family, and create the happiest smurfs village.
The never-ending gameplay keeps you hooked to the screens and the colorful attributes especially appeal to the children. Create your own magical world with the simple game on an Android smartphone. While playing Smurfs’ Village you will spot some of the most popular cartoon characters like Gargamel and Papa Smurf.
34. Special Forces Group 2
Are you a fan of first-person shooter games? With Special Forces Group 2, you get the experience of a 3D person shooter in this real-time shooting game. You have an option to play either the single player or multiplayer game.
It has nine different types of gameplay: Bomb Mode, Capture the Flag, Resurrection, Classic, Deathmatch, Knives, Sniper, ArmsRace, and Zombie Modes. You have eight characters per team, seven pistols, three shotguns, four submachine guns, and many more weapons to win the war. It features an offline mode so you can play it without any internet connection and is one of the most fast-paced offline Android games.
Download Special Forces Group 2
35. Overkill 3
One of the best offline Android games, Overkill 3, includes daily tournaments, an evolving gameplay, special lighting effects, and breathtaking futuristic visuals. It is another impressive game with great action which can be played endlessly. You have to defend the Generator here who helps by destroying your enemies with high-voltage lightning.
The game features a cruel group of people who want everyone who doesn’t obey them. You have to save innocent people by destroying the bad guys. Overkill 3 does have an offline mode so you can play it on the go without the internet. The new cooperative multiplayer mode is a value addition.
36. Blazing Sniper
Offline excellent games come with their advantages where unwanted ads do not bother you while you are deeply involved in your game. Blazing Sniper sets a perfect example of being a fantastic offline shooter game where your ultimate aim is to protect people from attacks and viruses.
The game is simple enough; with 50 shooter tasks and has endless runner modes to keep you engaged for long. Blazing Sniper is a super fun offline shooter game for Android with easy control and smooth gameplay. Play with your friends and have fun.
37. Implosion – Never Lose Hope
Implosion- Never Lose Hope is one of the most downloaded and the best offline Android games that brings AAA console gaming experience to your smartphones. The breathtaking graphics, quality voice art, and professional audio production altogether make this game worth a try. In the game, you control a mech saving humanity from aliens.
There are six levels to unlock from one time IAP. Implosion is one of the games that doesn’t need the internet to play, which holds your attention for long with its stunning visuals along with some annoying enemies. Each level is filled with some unique but self-explanatory challenges that keep you desiring for more action. You can choose your preferred level of difficulty before you start playing.
38. Into the Dead
When talking about the best offline Android games, Apocalypse stands out from the crowd. If you want to experience the strange fear of losing yourself in a dark room where there is no way to escape, this game can let you experience that. Into the Dead is a game where you have to run as much as you can to save yourself from doom. You are in a gruesome world of the zombie apocalypse where you have to do whatever you can do to stay alive.
The gameplay is quite intense with some locked weapons that you have to unlock by completing certain goals. There are missions and mini-goals guiding you throughout the game. Get into a battle with your friends by challenging them to beat high scores.
39. 3D Pool Ball
Have you ever played 3D Pool on your Android? Look no further, 3D Pool Ball is one of the most fun games that doesn’t need the internet. This perfect game for Android users offers pocket billiards (a.k.a playing pool) in a 3D view just like you are playing in the real world.
With 3D Pool Ball, build your legacy in the pool world and compete with other real players around the globe. You can play like a pro and win trophies by defeating skilled pool players.
40. Darts King
Love playing darts? We sure do. Darts King is on our list of the best offline Android games since you can play whenever you wish, without any internet connection, if you are playing in the single-player mode. For multiplayer mode, you need the internet.
You just have to drag and slide to throw darts and also there is a practice mode for beginners. The game supports Google’s achievements and leaderboards. The dart game is free and contains ads when playing online.
41. Legend of Darkness
Legend of Darkness is a role-playing game where your hero has to kill monsters to go to the next level. You have to collect material to make equipment and destroy different types of demons. Find the monsters and push them to death.
The stronger the monster is, the better the award you earn. The hidden monsters grant you more generous rewards. You need to create appropriate equipment with the materials available with help from Abyss. That’s the gist of the game.
42. Beamdog Collection
Another excellent addition to the list of best offline android games is Beamdog Games.
Beamdog collection is a list of well-known PC games ported to Android in APK format. These games are RPGs that can keep you engaged for hours together. The mobile ports are Planescape: Torment EE, Baldur’s Gate II, Icewind Dale: Enhanced Edition, Neverwinter Nights, Siege of Dragonspear, Axis & Allies, and Baldur’s Gate Enhanced Edition.
There are no in-app purchases for these Android versions available on the Play Store. Although the game is not free, it’s a beautiful game to play offline on your Android phone. The games are complicated, so it is recommended to play it on big phones or tablets.
43. Star Wars: KOTOR
Star Wars is one of the best offline Android games ported to Android from PC. It has a lengthy story with many ends depending on the choices made by you while playing. The graphics are attractive, and you can ask questions if you are confused about the game.
Star Wars: KOTOR has achievements that make it appealing to play this game. It is not easy to finish it in a short span of time and takes time to collect proper characters, which helps you get out of the game successfully.
44. 80 Days
One of the best offline Android games, 80 Days, is a progressive and refreshing change the niche was waiting for. 80 Days is a resource management game, which is as popular today as it was half a decade ago. You guide your master Phileas Fogg while traveling around the world and keep an eye on the world clock.
Carve out the best routes for him and ensure not to drain all his wealth and money. You will only last in the game for as long as you have the riches intact. Explore more than 150 cities with your employer and plot new travel routes. Every new place has a different story to tell and a unique adventure to live.
45. Brothers in Arms 3
Brothers in Arms is a game for the people who like to be brave soldiers in their real or gaming life. Moreover, it is one of the games that doesn’t need the internet to play on Android, which means there are no irritating ad pop-ups while you are playing the game with concentration.
It has both singleplayer and multiplayer modes. To start the game, you have to choose between Free for All and Team Deathmatch modes. Unlock perks by playing each weapon class; experiment with new weapons and get amazed at the visual effects.
Enjoy the eye-catching skin animations. You can also play this game on your smartwatch.
46. Duet
Duet is one of the best offline Android games you can play if you prefer a simple gameplay. It is like having endless fun playing it, and the rules are quite simple. You have to synchronize two vessels fighting all odds and keep calm throughout the game.
The game is good enough with the features given in the free version, and you can unlock new game modes in the premium version. The game is fun initially and gets more complicated as you step up the levels.
47. Sonic Dash
We particularly love the best offline Android games that make you a part of fun adventures and are free. Sonic Dash takes the good-old platform game to the next level by providing players with a non-stop running experience. You can choose to play the game as Sonic himself or represent his fellow comrades. Either way, once you start playing the game you become a part of an endless immersive journey.
Sonic Dash introduces you to tons of unique mechanics that are used to run through maps. The frequent enemy attacks and obstacles make every run different. The runner game enables you to dash your way through exquisite 3D atmospheres and keeps you hooked throughout.
48. Rebel Inc.
Rebel Inc. is a military strategic simulation game where you take up the role of calming down a rebellious region. It is one of the most popular games on the Google Play Store, therefore worthy of inclusion in our list of the best offline Android games.
You get all the tools required to prevent your region from a devastating war. Keep your land under control, pacify the opponents, formulate tactile strategies, and unleash victory. Build literacy levels, hire foreign soldiers, and spend your resources mindfully. Create new guard outposts to instill peace and be quick enough to take action. Do not let the enemies take over your country!
49. Oxenfree
Oxenfree boasts critical acclaim and is among the Editor’s Choice games on the Google Play Store. It takes inspiration from the horror films made in the 80’s. The gameplay involves a group of teenagers set upon a journey exploring their way through a creepy island. You get to enjoy the supernatural twists and become a part of their extraordinary adventure.
The mystery trope is full of unnatural elements and eerie silence suits the game’s theme really well. The fascinating game is not meant for children or anyone else not open to ghostly thrills. Oxenfree’s stunning backdrop and believable characters make the game feel real and addictive.
50. The Wolf Among Us
One of the best offline Android games, The Wolf Among Us, boasts stunning graphics, fascinating thrills, and a great storyline. The game takes inspiration from an award-winning comic book series and is similar to the good-old fairy tales of the yesteryears. You play the character of a big bad wolf and witness weird activities taking place around you.
Every decision that you make will have adverse consequences, so think twice before making a move. Solve the murder case as fast as possible and experience a heart rush each time a character is in trouble.
Conclusion
If you are traveling to a zone where the internet connection is weak or want to save mobile data and still not get bored, the best offline Android games come to your rescue. You can pick role-playing and simulation games or the top choices in the puzzle and arcade categories for offline gaming. There are tons of exciting choices in the strategy, action, and adventure niche as well.
Your Android device is no longer useless without an internet connection and you can resort to these games to kill time and play anywhere. The offline mobile games are no less in creativity and keep the interest quotient as high as any other game. They boast an excellent rating on the Google Play Store and are popular in giving the best offline experience.
(Artice Updated on 27th July 2023)
